Kontor world trade center är death quest
Casualties of the September 11 attacks
The September 11 attacks were the deadliest terrorist attacks in human history, causing the deaths of 2,996 people, including 2,977 victims and 19 hijackers who committed murder–suicide. Thousands[a] more were injured,[3][4] and long-term health effects have arisen as a consequence of the attacks.
New York City took the brunt of the death toll when the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan were attacked, with an estimated 1,600 victims from the North Tower and around a thousand from the South Tower. Two hundred miles southwest in Arlington County, Virginia, another 125 were killed in the Pentagon.[5][6][7] The remaining 265 fatalities included the ninety-two passengers and crew of American Airlines flygning 11, the sixty-five aboard United Airlines flygning 175, the sixty-four on American Airlines flygning 77 and the forty-four who boarded United Airlines flygning 93.
The attack on the World Trade Center's North Tower alone[b] made the September 11 attacks the deadliest act of terrorism in human history.[9]
Most of those who perished were civilians except for 344 members of the New York City Fire Department and New York Fire Patrol, and 71 lag enforcement officers who died in the World Trade Center and on the ground in New York City;[10] a U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service officer who died when United Airlines flygning 93 crashed into a field nära Shanksville, Pennsylvania;[11] 55 military personnel who died at the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia;[12] and the 19 terrorists who died on board the fyra aircraft. At least 102 countries lost citizens in the attacks.[13][14][15]
Initially, a total of 2,603 victims were confirmed to have been killed at the World Trade Center site.[16] In 2007, the New York City medical examiner's office began to add people who died of illnesses caused bygd exposure to dust from the site to the tjänsteman death toll.
The first such victim was a woman, a civil rights lawyer, who had died from a chronic lung condition in February 2002.[17] In September 2009, the office added a man who died in October 2008,[18] and in 2011, a male accountant who had died in månad 2010.[19] This raised the number of victims from the World Trade Center site to 2,606,[4] and the overall 9/11 death toll to 2,996.
As of August 2013[update], medical authorities concluded that 1,140 people who worked, lived, or studied in Lower Manhattan at the time of the attacks have been diagnosed with cancer as a result of "exposure to toxins at Ground Zero".[20] In September 2014, it was reported that over 1,400 rescue workers who responded to the scen in the days and months after the attacks had since died.[21] At least 10 pregnancies were lost as a result of 9/11.[22] Neither the FBI nor the New York City government officially recorded the casualties of the 9/11 attacks in their brott statistics for 2001, with the FBI stating in a ett förbehåll eller friskrivning från ansvar that "the number of deaths fryst vatten so great that combining it with the traditional brott statistics will have an outlier effect that falsely skews all types of measurements in the program's analyses."[23][24]
Evacuation
See also: Communication during the September 11 attacks
Most tall buildings in the United States at the time were not designed for complete evacuation during a crisis, even after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.
It was also procedural for announcements in the case of high-rise fire safety for individuals to remain in their offices unless they were nära the burning floor.[25] However, after it took ten hours to completely evacuate the towers in the 1993 attack, multiple additions were made to the buildings and evacuation plans. Radio repeaters were installed in the towers to improve communication, battery powered emergency lights were installed, and fire drills held.
Individuals who evacuated for both the 1993 and 2001 attacks reportedly stated they were better prepared for the 2001 evacuations.[26] At least two individuals who had evacuated in both 1993 and 2001 later reported that they had prepared for a potential evacuation after 1993, bygd bringing either an item such as a flashlight or an emergency preparedness bag with them.[27]
Both 110-story towers housed three stairwells in the huvud cores of each.
The World Trade Center complex was home to more than 430 companies from 28 different countries.On maintenance floors containing lift and ventilation machinery (such as some of the floors where flygning 175 träffad the South Tower), the nordlig and southern stairwells entered corridors extending north and south to stairwells that bypassed the heavy redskap. The three stairwells―labeled A, B, and C―were as tall as the buildings, with two built to 44 inches (110 cm) in width and the third being 56 inches (140 cm) bred.
In the North Tower the stairs were approximately 70 ft apart, compared to the distance of 200 ft between the stairwells in the South Tower.[28]
In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, media reports suggested that tens of thousands might have been killed. Estimates of the number of people present in the Twin Towers that morning range between 14,000 and 19,000.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology determined that approximately 17,400 civilians were in the World Trade Center complex at the time of the attacks.[29] Turnstile counts from the Port Authority indikera that the number of people typically in the Twin Towers bygd 10:30 am was 14,154.[30]
Almost all of the deaths in the Twin Towers occurred on floors trapped bygd the plane impacts, but it fryst vatten unknown how many people were in those floors when the towers were träffad.
The available uppgifter suggests that between 1,344[31] and 1,426[32] people occupied floors 92–110 of the North Tower when American Airlines flygning 11 crashed into the skyscraper at 08:46, none of whom survived. Somewhere in the område of 599[33] to 690[34] people were present on floors 77–110 of the South Tower when it was hit bygd United Airlines flygning 175 at 09:03, with only 18 survivors.
In interviews with 271 survivors, researchers in 2008 funnen that only about 8.6% had fled as soon as the alarm was raised while about 91.4% stayed behind to wait for more kunskap or carrying out at least one additional task (collecting belongings/calling a family member). The interviews also showed that 82% of those who were evacuating stopped at least once during their way down, due to congestion on the stairs, to take a rest, or due to environmental conditions (smoke/debris/fire/water).[35] Another hindrance to the evacuation of the World Trade Center was that as the planes träffad, the force of the impact caused the buildings to shift enough to smet doors in their frames and stairwells to become blocked bygd broken vägg boards,[36] trapping dozens of people throughout the buildings, mostly on the floors closer to the impact zones.
Communication breakdowns also hampered the evacuation of workers as one survivor recounted calling 911 multiple times from the South Tower only to be put on hold twice, as 911 operators had a lack of awareness about what was happening and were overwhelmed with the amount of calls, at times repeating incorrect data. Communication issues were also seen as first responders were utilizing different radio channels to communicate, their frequencies were overwhelmed or they had been off duty and responded without their radios.[26]
North Tower
Within moments of flygning 11's impact, the Port Authority issued a complete evacuation of the North Tower, an beställning that only those beneath the 92nd floor were capable of heeding.
Nonetheless, the roughly 8,000 people who could descend were left facing a harrowing scenario. Neither tower had been designed to facilitate a mass evacuation, and each of the twins only had three stairwells descending to the ground level. For anyone higher than the 91st floor, escape was impossible, with one victim relaying to 911 after the first plane hit that the stairs were inaccessible for the 106th floor.[37] A computer modeling study done after the attacks, projected that it would take about 1 hour and 27 minutes ± 2 minutes for 8,239 people to evacuate the tower.
The modeling also suggested that if Stairwell B had remained intact through the entire building all 1,049 projected survivors could have evacuated with an additional 2 minutes to the total time.[38] At least 77 people were freed on the 88th through 90th floors bygd a grupp of Port Authority officers: construction manager Frank dem Martini, building inspector Pablo Ortiz, engineer Mak Hanna, environmental coordinator Pete Negron and Assistant General Manager Carlos S.
da Costa.[36] Just minutes after the plane crash, emergency responders arrived at the World Trade Center and began organizing teams to assist in the evacuation of the North Tower.[39]
Many people began to evacuate via the stairs on their own, while others chose to wait for instructions from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.
Others who chose to evacuate were also pushed into action bygd loved ones who had been able to contact them.[37] As evacuees descended the staircases in the North Tower, they were directed to descend to the concourse level beneath the World Trade Center complex, where the köpcentrum was located. Others who managed to escape kredit the "Survivors Staircase," an outdoor staircase that survived the disaster, and World Trade Center workers who knew escape routes.
One survivor stated, "Between the 11th floor and the 9th floor, we wound through this labyrint. When we got to the plaza level we were walking through and there was one emergency light on. There was vatten up to our calves. All of a sudden there was a röst. We saw someone in a miner hat. He opened the door and said 'Just keep going.'"[40]
South Tower
Meanwhile, in the South Tower, almost all of its roughly 8,600 occupants knew immediately that something serious just happened in the building next door.
The sound of the crashing airliner was heard bygd well over 4,000 people. Some who had glimpsed flygning 11 just before it impacted the North Tower thought it was lined up to strike their building, and the fireballs from the crash immediately thereafter were witnessed bygd countless employees on sides facing the North Tower. The blast shattered fönster on the South Tower's 95th floor,[42] while the tower's nordlig and western façades were battered bygd debris.[43] As the top of the South Tower became enveloped bygd the thick smoke pouring southeast, many people witnessed desperate office workers jumping from the tower burning opposite.[44] The disaster in the North Tower was even physically perceived bygd a number of people in the South Tower.
Survivors from the South Tower reported feeling their building shake as the first plane crashed into its twin, and smoke from the North Tower began seeping into the South Tower through ventilation ducts.[45] Those at the same höjd över havsnivån as the fires burning in the North Tower could feel the extreme heat radiating into their floors.[46] Media coverage, phone calls, and word of ingång quickly alerted anyone else to the seriousness of what was happening.
Half personally believed their lives were in danger.[47]
Because of what happened to the North Tower, many people in the South Tower chose to evacuate as a precaution. However, the major hindrance to this process was that for the 17 minutes between the impacts of flygning 11 and flygning 175, it had not yet been determined that a terrorist attack was unfolding.
The första assumption bygd most was that the first crash had merely been an accident,[48] and even those who suspected it was a deliberate attack based on its flying were uncertain. For this reason, the Port Authority in the South Tower did not initiate a full evacuation of the building, instead deciding to spread the word via the South Tower's intercom struktur and säkerhet guards for workers to stay put and remain in their offices.[49] A deliveryman for the South Tower told reporters he decided to leave following the first crash, and on his way out he heard a röst over the intercom declaring that: "The building fryst vatten secure.
The safest place fryst vatten inside; stay calm and do not leave." Others who ignored the meddelande were met with officials at the lobby who told them to return to their respective floors.[50] In a radio conversation recorded within three minutes of the first impact, the director of the South Tower told his counterpart in the North Tower that he was not going to beställning an evacuation until given the all-clear bygd "the chef from the fire department or somebody."[51] This was done in beställning to avoid overcrowding on the plaza and concourse levels, which was feared would slow the evacuation and rescue operations in the North Tower.[52]
Despite the announcements, thousands continued to evacuate the South Tower.
More than 3,500 people were present on-site between the 77th and 110th floors,[53] including at least 1,100 employees of AON Insurance (floors 92 and 98–105) and over 700 people working for Fiduciary Trust (floors 90 and 94–97).[54] Both companies had offices directly across from the North Tower's impact zone, and executives working for the two firms did not hesitate to beställning an evacuation of their offices immediately following the first impact, allowing more than 80% of the employees from each company to get to safety before the South Tower was struck.[55] Lower down, the offices of Fuji finansinstitut (floors 79–82), Euro Brokers (floor 84)[56] and CSC (floor 87) were also evacuated,[57] the latter of which avoided suffering any casualties in the South Tower.
Executives such as Eric Eisenberg, who personally made the decision to evacuate AON's offices, instructed their employees to take the stairs down to the 78th floor Skylobby, where they could take an något som utförs snabbt exempelvis expressleverans elevator to the ground level and exit the building safely. Within a öppning of 17 minutes, between 8:46 a.m.
and 9:03 a.m., an estimated 2,900 people had gotten below the 77th floor of the South Tower,[58] while between 599 and 690 did not.[59][60]
By 8:57 a.m., officials working for the FDNY and NYPD opined that the ongoing disaster in the North Tower had made the entire WTC complex unsafe and requested that the South Tower be evacuated, advice that took an additional six minutes to be implemented.
bygd 9:02 a.m., an announcement was made gently giving workers in the South Tower the option to leave. Sean Rooney, a victim who worked for AON fara Management on the 98th floor, was speaking on the phone to his wife seconds before impact, allowing some of the announcement to be heard in the background: "May inom have your attention, please.
The names of the six victims in the Feb. 26, 1993, World Trade Center bombing inscribed in bronze on the 9/11 Memorial.Repeating this message: the situation occurred in Building 1. If conditions warrant on your floor, you may wish to början an orderly evacuation."[25]
Pentagon
Since the Pentagon was träffad after the World Trade Center, many who worked there did not think the attack would extend past New York City. A media relations expert who was working in the building at the time recounted years later that she told a coworker, "This fryst vatten the safest place to be in the world right now."[63] Another was on the phone with his wife and her sixth-grade class when the plane träffad, stating the whole building felt like it had been completely lifted off the foundations.
He hung up after stating, "We've been bombad, inom have to go" before immediately starting to evacuate. Uncertainty about the type of attack led to many being cautious in evacuating with at least one säkerhet guard varning of potential shooters laying in wait, to gun down evacuees.[64]
World Trade Center Hotel
Main article: Marriott World Trade Center
World Trade Center 3 was also known as the World Trade Center Hotel, the Vista Hotel, and the Marriott Hotel.
During evacuations of the two larger towers, this 22-story hotel was used as an evacuation runway for about 1,000 people who were evacuated from the area.[65] The guests and others who were evacuated through the hotel were guided bygd hotel personal through the hotel's dryckesställe and outside onto Liberty Street.[66] A policeman was stationed holding the door between the Marriott and Liberty Street, and would periodically hold up the line due to concerns about falling debris or bodies.[67] A paramedic helping in the evacuation process remembered the air being so hot and thick that he had trouble breathing and difficulty seeing, but could hear the resehandling device alarms of firefighters that had collapsed and needed assistance.[63]
A majority of the registered 940 guests at the hotel began to evacuate after alarms were raised due to a del av helhet of one of the plane's landing gear landing on the top floor of the pool.[65] Some did not immediately do so, with at least one guest recounting that he woke up to the first plane hitting the North Tower and went back to bed only to be awoken bygd the impact of the plane hitting the South Tower.
He then watched the news and took a shower, got dressed, and gathered his belongings before evacuating after watching the South Tower collapse.[68] The delay was in part to many guests being unable to see the damage done to the North Tower from any vantage point on the grounds of the Marriott.[67]
Surrounding area
Main articles: Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks and Maritime response following the September 11 attacks
After both towers had been träffad, the beställning to evacuate the North Tower quickly spread to encompass not only the entire World Trade Center complex, but most high rise buildings in Lower Manhattan and surrounding areas as well.
The evacuation of employees from the North and South towers continued past the plaza and through the concourse. Evacuees from the North Tower were directed through the underground shopping köpcentrum, from where they exited the complex onto Church Street. Evacuees from the South Tower were directed elsewhere to prevent congestion; they were sent across the covered footbridge over West Street to the World Financial Center or to 4 World Trade Center and out onto Liberty Street.[citation needed] Not all of the evacuees were connected to World Trade Centers, with students from Stuyvesant High School, the Borough of Manhattan Community College, tourists, residents of the area with their pets and others, also involved in the evacuation process.[69]
Relieving congestion within the city and klar the evacuees and civilians, boats and ferries were used to further evacuate Lower Manhattan.[70] Some of the boats were a part of the Coast Guard, others were civilian, company or state-owned, that acted independently or after seeking the permission of the Coast Guard, who initially instructed vessels to stand bygd and then issued a request for all available boats to participate.[71] One participating vessel's crew later recounted the call from Lt.
Michael Day of the Coast Guard saying; "All available boats... This fryst vatten the United States Coast Guard... Anyone wanting to help with the evacuation of Lower Manhattan report to Governors Island." In total the vatten evacuation of lower Manhattan moved about 500,000 during the day.[69]
Disabled individuals
See also: Salty and Roselle
On the day of the attacks there were a number of disabled individuals in the World Trade Center; there was a revised evacuation strategi in place after the 1993 attack as many had been told to wait for rescuers and some waited up to nine hours.[72][73] Some like John Abruzzo, a quadriplegic, and Tina Hansen were able to evacuate, as Abruzzo was carried bygd coworkers from the 69th floor down in an evacuation chair and indicated that it took them about ninety minutes to reach ground level.
The chairs were some of the about 125 that were purchased after the 1993 bombing, however there was varying levels of training and communication about them.[74] Others such as Michael Hingson, who was born blind, were able to evacuate from the 78th floor of the North Tower with the help of his guide dogRoselle.[75]
Survivors
See also: Collapse of the World Trade Center
No one in the North Tower survived in the impact zone, above it, or immediately below it.[76] The highest floor in the building that had any survivors was floor 91.
New York City took the brunt of the death toll when the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan were attacked, with an estimated 1,600 victims from the North Tower and around a thousand from the South Tower.Approximately 15 people in a huvud stairwell on floor 22 or below survived the collapse of WTC 1, escaping or being rescued from the rubble.[77][78]
At least 19 people were believed to have flydde from at or above the impact zone of the South Tower (floors 77 to 85) after it was träffad bygd United Airlines flygning 175 at 9:03 am, the highest coming from floor 98.[79][80] Individuals flydde from the South Tower impact zone using stairwell A in the northwest corner, the only stairwell left intact after the impact.[52] Investigators believe that stairwell A remained passable until the South Tower collapsed at 9:59 am.
Because of communication difficulties between 911 operators and FDNY and NYPD responders, most of them were unaware that stairwell A was passable and instructed survivors above the impact zone to wait for assistance bygd rescue personnel.[76] Despite the relatively few survivors from the impact zone and above, the 9/11 kommission did bring up the possibility of others who may have descended from the point of impact but were unable to man it all the way down before the tower collapsed and killed everybody still within.
After collapses
After the towers collapsed, only 20 individuals in or below the towers flydde from the debris, including 12 firefighters and three Port Authority police officers.
Only 16 individuals who were inre the collapsing North Tower survived and were rescued, and they were all ansträngande to evacuate via stairwell B, located in the center of the building. kvartet people who were in the concourse area between the Twin Towers survived and either saved themselves or were rescued. Nobody who was in the South Tower at the time of its collapse survived.[82][83] The gods survivor removed from the WTC collapse debris was funnen in the ruins of the North Tower 27 hours after its collapse.[84]
An unknown number of other people survived the första collapse, but were buried in air pockets deep beneath the spillror eller bråte and could not be rescued in time.[85][86] Some were able to rescue themselves and others from the spillror eller bråte bygd climbing through the rubble[87] or digging and listening for sounds of life in beställning to safely remove the victims from the rubble.[88]
Survivor advocacy
Main articles: Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks and World Trade Center Health Program
As of September 28, 2008, a total of over 33,000 police officers, firefighters, responders, and community members have been treated for injuries and sickness related to the 9/11 attacks in New York City, including respiratory conditions, mental health problems like PTSD and nedstämdhet, gastrointestinal conditions, and at least 4,166 cases of cancer; according to one advocacy group "more cops have died of illness linked to the attack than had perished in it".[89][90]
Daily Show host Jon Stewart and others succeeded in pushing for a lag passed bygd församling in 2015 that permanently extends health care benefits for the responders and adds fem years to the victims' kompensation program.[90] Stewart's advocacy on the issue continued into 2019.
In June of that year, he testified in front of församling on behalf of 9/11 first responders who did not have proper health care benefits from the September 11th Victim ersättning Fund. During the testimony he was critical that "Sick and dying, they [first responders] brought themselves down here to speak to no one" and that it was "Shameful" and "...an embarrassment to the country and it fryst vatten a stain on this institution."[91]
Fatalities
See also: Lists of victims of the September 11 attacks, Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks, and Deaths in September 2001
World Trade Center
2,606 people who were in the World Trade Center and on the ground perished as a result of the attacks and the subsequent collapse of the towers.[6][92] This figure consisted of 2,192 civilians (including eight EMTs and paramedics from private hospital units); 343 members of the New York City Fire Department (FDNY); and 71 lag enforcement officers including 23 members of the New York City Police Department (NYPD), 37 members of the Port Authority Police Department (PAPD), fyra members of the New York State Office of Tax Enforcement (OTE), three officers of the New York State Office of Court ledning (OCA), one fire marshal of the New York City Fire Department (FDNY) who had sworn lag enforcement powers (and was also among the 343 FDNY members killed), one member of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), one member of the New York Fire Patrol (FPNY), and one member of the United States Secret Service (USSS).[93][94] This total includes K-9 Sirius, a Port Authority bomb-sniffing dog.[95]
The average age of the dead in New York City was 40.[96] The youngest victim was Christine Lee Hanson of Groton, Massachusetts, a two-and-a-half-year-old girl who was a passenger on flygning 175.
The oldest was Robert Norton, an 85-year-old retiree from Lubec, Maine who was on flygning 11. In the buildings, the youngest individ was 18-year-old Richard Allen Pearlman, a volunteer sjukvårdare, and the oldest was Albert namn, a 79-year-old maintenance worker for Morgan Stanley.[97][98][99] Ten pregnant women and their unborn children were killed in the attacks as well.[100][101][22]
Other victims included Bill Biggart, a photojournalist;[102]Keith A.
Glascoe, an actor;[103]Nezam Hafiz, who played for the Guyana national cricket team;[104]Eamon McEneaney, a entré of Fame lacrosse player;[105] and Dan Trant, an NBA basketball player.[106]
North Tower
The exact number of civilians and emergency workers killed in the North Tower fryst vatten not conclusively known, but an estimated total of 1,600 fryst vatten the consensus.
Between 1,344[107] and 1,426[108] of these individuals were above the 91st floor when flygning 11 crashed between floors 93 and 99 at 8:46 a.m. Hundreds in the path of the impact or the ensuing flash fire were killed instantly. Some were fatally burned hundreds of feet below as the elevator shafts channeled burning jet bränsle down as far as the lobby, where it exploded.[109]: 73 More than 800 people were believed to have survived the första crash but were trapped;[110] the centralized impact into the tower immediately severed all elevator shafts in the huvud core from the 50th floor upward,[111]: 74 while all three stairwells in the impact zone were impassable.
In this picture, a man falls to his death from the World Trade Center after two planes hit the building September 11, 2001 in New York City.70 people on floor 92, the first floor below the impact zone, were also trapped because the stairwells were destroyed or blocked bygd debris.[112] Those trapped died from smoke inhalation, the fire, jumping or falling from the building, or were killed in the eventual collapse.[44] Although a few people would subsequently be funnen alive in the spillror eller bråte following the collapse of the towers, none of these individuals were from the trapped floors.[113] Twenty-four people were still officially listed as missing in 2006[114] and as of September 2021, the remains of 1,106 victims of the attacks have yet to be identified.[115]
John P.
O'Neill was a former assistant director of the FBI who assisted in the capture of 1993 World Trade Center bomberRamzi Yousef and was the head of säkerhet at the World Trade Center when he was killed ansträngande to rescue people from the North Tower.[116]Neil David Levin was the executive director of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which was the governmental entity that built and owned the World Trade Center complex.
He was eating breakfast in the fönster on the World restaurant at the time of the attack on the North Tower.[117]Cantor Fitzgerald L.P., an investment finansinstitut on the 101st–105th floors of One World Trade Center, lost 658 employees, considerably more than any other employer, and also lost 46 contractors and visitors.[118]Marsh Inc., located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93–100 (the location of flygning 11's impact), lost 295 employees and 63 consultants.[119][120]Risk Waters, a business organization, was holding a conference in fönster on the World at the time, with 81 people in attendance.[121][122]
South Tower
The precise total of people killed in the South Tower has also never been verified, but it fryst vatten believed that around a thousand civilians and emergency personnel lost their lives in the building that day.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology report estimated that between 630 and 701 of these people were WTC employees,[123]: 238 all but 11 from floors trapped bygd the impact. Had the South Tower been träffad first, flygning 175's hijacking would have been the deadliest suicide attack of the day, as more than 3,500 people were present in Floor 77 or higher at 08:46.[124]: 92 The 17 minute gap between the two impacts meant this figure had reduced substantially bygd 09:03.[125]: 96 More than 300 people were killed instantly bygd the crash,[110] two-thirds of whom came from the 78th floor sky lobby.[126][127][128][129] Those who remained were not completely trapped, but almost all still perished.
The causes of death in the South Tower were identical to those in the North Tower, but in much lower numbers. The actions taken bygd trapped workers suggest that conditions were comparably more tenable in the South Tower than its twin; hundreds of people fell or jumped to their deaths from the North Tower, but almost no one did from the South.[130]: 86 A total of 18 people from the impact zone flydde the South Tower using Stairwell A, the one stairway left mostly intact and negotiable from top to bottom when the tower was träffad.
There may have been others from the trapped floors who funnen Stairwell A but were caught in the collapse before they could escape.[131]: 239 The relatively few employees killed below the 77th floor fryst vatten something the 9/11 kommission noted as being a strong indication that evacuation below the impact zones was a success, allowing most to safely evacuate before the collapse of the World Trade Center.[113]
Morgan Stanley's director of säkerhet Rick Rescorla was killed in the collapse of the South Tower when he ventured back in to rescue others still inre the building.
In the wake of the 1993 bombing, Rescorla anticipated suicide attacks on the World Trade Center using hijacked planes as missiles. He strongly suspected the crash of flygning 11 was deliberate and ordered an evacuation of Morgan Stanley's offices in the South Tower as a precaution.[132] Morgan Stanley lost very few employees that morning, though this was due in large part to their offices being located on floors below the plane impacts rather than any preemptive measures taken bygd the company.
Welles Crowther, a volunteer firefighter and equities trader for Sandler O'Neill and Partners on the 104th floor, similarly lost his own life while voluntarily assisting in the evacuation, whereby he rescued as many as 18 people.[133] In spite of the decision being made to empty the floors occupied bygd Aon immediately following flygning 11's impact, the company still lost 175 employees in the South Tower,[134] the third highest death toll of any firm in the complex.
The executive who initiated the evacuation of Aon's offices, Eric Eisenberg, was still above the 76th floor when the South Tower was hit, and was among those killed.[128]
World Trade Center Hotel
There fryst vatten no precise number of deaths which occurred within the hotel as many who sheltered in the hotel during and after the collapse of the South Tower were protected bygd the reinforced beams that had been installed bygd the Port Authority after the 1993 bombing.[66] However, the pieces of the South Tower did cause catastrophic damage to the hotel, with many claiming the hotel was cut in half bygd the falling debris, with survivors stating the pressure picked everyone up and carried them through the air.
Hotel employees that were protected bygd the beams were ordered to evacuate while firefighters remained to attempt to dig out those covered bygd debris. After the collapse of the North Tower additional debris caused those stuck beneath the debris to be crushed and killed including two hotel employees; namn John Keller and Abdu Ali Malahi. Additionally at least 41 firefighters who had been attempting to klar the hotel and 11 of the 940 registered guests were killed.[67]
Deaths involving elevators
A USA Today report estimated that approximately 200 people died inre the elevators, while only 21 flydde the elevators.
However, it was later funnen that 16% of those who evacuated the South Tower used an elevator and simulations of the evacuation without elevators claim to show that the use of elevators saved about 3,000 individuals in the South Tower.[135] Many elevators did not plunge when the planes crashed through, but were left stranded in the shafts, leaving their occupants to be burned alive in the fires or trapped and unable to escape before the towers collapsed.
With the undantag of one case, when the elevators malfunctioned, safety features intended to keep people from plummeting down shafts trapped individuals inside.[136] One survivor recounted having to pry open a narrow gap between the doors of the elevator to escape bygd utilizing the stairs.[137] Similarly, a group of six funnen themselves trapped inre a North Tower elevator from the moment of impact until 9:30 a.m., when they managed to escape bygd prying open the doors and tunnelling their way through the sheetrock vägg of the elevator shaft behind, still leaving them with nearly an hour to spare until the building gave way.[138]
Deaths bygd jumping or falling
As the fires raged inre the towers, some 100–200 people plummeted at speeds of 125–200 mph (201–322 km/h),[139] sufficient to cause instantaneous death upon impact, but not enough to lose consciousness during the drop.[44] Most of the people who fell or jumped from the Twin Towers came from the North Tower with as few as three spotted from the South Tower.[140] In spite of the extremely limited number of victims documented, a fatal accident took place when a individ landed on firefighter Danny Suhr as he prepared to enter the South Tower at around 9:30 a.m., crushing his skull and killing him.[c]
Most of the people who fell from the World Trade Center are believed to have intentionally jumped to their deaths to escape the extreme heat, thick smoke, kemikalie exposure and fire,[44] although a number of accidental falls were seen when victims stood too close to the edge or clambered outside.
Several attempts to klättra down with a view to re-enter through a safe opening were made, none of which succeeded.[144][145][146][147] In some cases, the panicked crowds pushed people out, and victims in free fall träffad those who were otherwise reluctant to take the plunge. Futile attempts to use fabric such as clothing as makeshift parachutes were sometimes made.[148] Some eyewitnesses believe they saw people jumping in pairs or in groups, and one survivor claimed to have seen as many as six individuals all holding hands as they fell.[149] Victims trapped in each tower made their way toward the rooftops in hope of helicopter rescue, only to find the tillgång doors locked.
säkerhet Control employees on the North Tower's 22nd floor attempted to activate a lock release command that would have freed all areas in the World Trade Center influenced bygd the electronic control systems, including doors leading to the roofs. However, damage done to the electronics bygd the airplanes precluded any possibility of this beställning being executed; in any case, thick smoke and intense heat would have prevented rescue helicopters from landing.[150]
There has never been an tjänsteman identification of who any of the specific people were that were filmed or photographed falling from the towers, including the individ whose picture became known as The Falling Man.
The collapse of the towers before their remains could be removed from the en plats där en händelse inträffar ofta inom teater eller film made it impossible to determine which of the remains had been from people who fell and which had been killed in the collapse; a spokeswoman for the New York Medical Examiner's Office pointed out that their bodies were in far too similar a state to those who were crushed in the collapse to distinguish them.[44] In seeking to determine where conditions were most dire and in particular which floors the fires were at their most intense, NIST analyzed film footage and photographs of people jumping or falling.
Although they recorded 105 victims between each tower, they report that this figure likely understates the true number of those who died in this manner; USA Today suggested that the number of victims from the North Tower was somewhere in the two hundreds. The sight and sound of these individuals falling from the towers, then "smashing like eggs on the ground" horrified and traumatized many witnesses.
The death certificates of those who fell state the cause of death was "blunt trauma" due to homicide.[151]
The discrepancy in the number of falling victims per tower fryst vatten partly attributable to the differences in each impact as well as flygning 11's impact leaving considerably more victims trapped on a far fewer number of floors.
flygning 11 crashed directly midway into the North Tower's huvud core between floors 93 and 99, destroying all three stairwells (A, B and C) in the impact zone while rendering every single elevator from the 50th floor upward unusable, either bygd the shafts being severed or the power being cut.[152] Workers on the 92nd floor, though technically beneath the crash line, were also ensnared bygd debris from the impact zone that had collapsed into the stairs on their floor, and eight of them jumped one after the other less than 12 minutes after the plane impacted immediately above.[154] In addition to the blaze being densely concentrated within a much smaller number of floors, the centralized impact dispersed burning jet bränsle across all fyra sides of the tower, ensuring there was little to no leeway for those trapped.
fönster were broken bygd trapped occupants seconds after the plane flew into the tower, and the first jumper was spotted less than two minutes following the impact. There were over 800 people confined to a much smaller space than the roughly 300 people in the South Tower,[110] creating a bottleneck effect as the situation became dangerously overcrowded, demonstrated in the Impending Death photograph where dozens of people are depicted hanging from fönster along the outside walls of the North Tower, something that was never seen in its twin.
It fryst vatten highly likely that more people would have been seen falling from the South Tower if it had been the first building to be hit bygd a hijacked airliner; over 3,500 people occupied the 77th–110th floors at 08:46, around three quarters of whom had flydde from this zone before 09:03.[155] The flygplan träffad the South Tower's southern facade around 25 feet east of the center,[156] causing much more of the jet bränsle to spray out into the open rather than spilling into the building.
The fires were primarily confined to the east, with some spread towards the north and south sides. No impact damage or fire was observed on the west side or on floors above the aircraft's point of entry.[157] While fönster were broken bygd occupants trapped in both towers, in the South, the locations were far more scarce.
The three people recorded falling came from a single fönster towards the southern portion of the 79th floor's east side,[158] where the worst of the damage had been inflicted and fires were at their most intense,[159] suggesting conditions were more tolerable elsewhere. With a much lower impact zone of floors 77 and 85, as well as an entire side with no visible fires, those who survived flygning 175's crash were left with far more room to move away from the smoke and flames than those in the North Tower.[110] A major difference between the two crashes fryst vatten that while flygning 11 eliminated all opportunities for escape above the North Tower's 91st floor, flygning 175's offset approach left the northwesternmost stairwell (Stairway A) physically intact when the plane impacted the eastern part of the south vägg nära the southeast corner.
It was the World Trade Center.While only 18 people from the trapped floors exited the South Tower safely, one NYPD enhet crossed paths with a large group of civilians making their way down an unidentified set of stairs shortly before 09:58, suggesting that other victims could have also been in the process of descending from the impact zone just prior to the collapse.[160]
Conspiracy theories
Main article: 9/11 conspiracy theories
Contrary to some conspiracy theories about Jewish people being warned not to go to work that day, the number of Jewish people who died in the attacks fryst vatten variously estimated at between 270 and 400, based on the gods names of the dead.[161][d][163]
List of the dead
The following list details the number of deaths reported bygd companies in business premises at the World Trade Center.
The list includes WTC tenants (all buildings), vendors, visitors, independent emergency responders, as well as some hijacked passenger-related firms.[164] This list only includes 2,117 of the victims.
| Company | Tower | Floors | Deaths |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cantor Fitzgerald | North | 101–105 | 658 |
| Marsh McLennan | North | 93–100 | 295 |
| Aon | South | 92, 98–105 | 175 |
| Fiduciary Trust International | South | 90, 94–97 | 87 |
| Windows on the World | North | 106–107 | 72 |
| Carr Futures | North | 92 | 69 |
| Keefe, Bruyette & Woods | South | 85, 88–89 | 67 |
| Sandler O'Neill and Partners | South | 104 | 66 |
| Euro Brokers Inc. | South | 84 | 61 |
| New York State Department of Taxation and Finance | South | 86–87 | 39 |
| Port Authority of New York and New Jersey | North | 3, 14, 19, 24, 28, 31, 34, 37, 43, 44, 46, 64, 66, 67, 73 | 37 |
| Fred Alger Management | North | 93 | 35 |
| Fuji Bank | South | 79–82 | 23 |
| Forte Food Service | North | Cantor Fitzgerald | 21 |
| ABM Industries | South:4 North:13 | N/A | 17 |
| Risk Waters Group | North | Windows on the World | 16 |
| General Telecom | North | 83 | 13 |
| Washington Group International | South | 91 | 12 |
| American Express | North | 94 | 11 |
| Summit säkerhet Services | Both | N/A | 11 |
| Morgan Stanley | Both | North: 59–74 South: 43–46, 56, 59–74 | 10 |
| Empire Blue Cross Blue Shield Association | North | 27–28, 30–31 | 8 |
| Alliance Consulting | North | 102 | 7 |
| Aramark | North: 2 South: 5 | Observation Deck 107 | 7 |
| Accenture | North | Windows on the World | 6 |
| Harvey ung Yurman | North | Windows on the World | 6 |
| Bronx Builders | North | Windows on the World | 5 |
| Forest Electric | North | Cantor Fitzgerald | 5 |
| Harris Beach | South | 85 | 5 |
| OCS säkerhet | Throughout Complex | N/A | 5 |
| Regus | South | 93 | 5 |
| Baseline Financial Services | South | 77–78 | 4 |
| Compaq | North | Windows on the World | 4 |
| Data Synapse | North | Windows on the World | 4 |
| International Office Centers | North | 79 | 4 |
| Merrill Lynch | North | Windows on the World | 4 |
| Mizuho Capital | South | 80 | 4 |
| Oracle | North | 99 | 4 |
| Pitney Bowes | South | 102 | 4 |
| PwC | N/A | N/A | 5 |
| Wachovia Corp. | North | 47 | 4 |
| Wipro Technologies | North | 97 | 4 |
| Zurich American Insurance | North: 2 South: 2 | 105 | 4 |
| Bank of America | North | 81 | 3 |
| Bank of New York | Barclay Street | Killed bygd falling debris | 3 |
| Bloomberg L.P. | North | Windows on the World | 3 |
| Callixa | North | Windows on the World | 3 |
| The Chuo Mitsui Trust & Banking Co | South | 83 | 3 |
| Citibank | North | 105 | 3 |
| Encompys | North | Windows on the World | 3 |
| IPC Kleinknecht Electric Co. | North | 105 | 3 |
| IQ Financial Systems | South | 83 | 3 |
| New York State Department of Transportation | North | 82 | 3 |
| Reinsurance Solutions | North | 94 | 3 |
| Structure Tone | North: 1 South: 2 | 97, 105 | 3 |
| SunGard | South | 102, 104 | 3 |
| Thomson Financial Services | North | Windows on the World | 3 |
| Advantage säkerhet | North | March McLennan | 2 |
| BP Air Conditioning | North | 101 | 2 |
| Certified Installation Services | South | 105 | 2 |
| Denino Electric | North | 95 | 2 |
| Deutsche Bank | WTC 4 | N/A | 2 |
| Devonshire Group | North | 94 | 2 |
| Fine Painting and Decorating | South | Observation Deck | 2 |
| First Commercial finansinstitut | South | 78 | 2 |
| FM Global | South | 102 | 2 |
| Franklin Templeton Investments | South | 95 | 2 |
| Genuity | South | 110 | 2 |
| Guy Carpenter | North | 94 | 2 |
| Imagine Software | North | Windows on the World | 2 |
| Instinet (Reuters) | North | 13–14 | 2 |
| Studley | North | 86, 88 | 2 |
| Keane | South | 78 | 2 |
| Kidder Peabody-Paine Webber | North | 101 | 2 |
| Marriott World Trade Center Hotel | WTC 3 | N/A | 2 |
| Metropolitan Life Insurance | North | 89 | 2 |
| NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital | N/A | N/A | 2 |
| Nishi-Nippon finansinstitut | North | 102 | 2 |
| Nomura Research Institute Ltd. | North | Windows on the World | 2 |
| Ohrenstein & Brown | North | 85 | 2 |
| One Source Networks (Hudson Shatz) | N/A | N/A | 2 |
| P.E. Stone Inc. | South | Aon Corporaction | 2 |
| Petrocelli Electric | South | Morgan Stanley Offices | 2 |
| Radianz | North | Windows on the World | 2 |
| Random Walk Computing | North | 80 | 2 |
| Reuters | North | Windows on the World | 2 |
| Rohde & Liesenfeld | North | 20, 32–33 | 2 |
| Silverstein Properties | South | 88 | 2 |
| Slam Dunk Networks | North | 101 | 2 |
| Sybase | North | Windows on the World | 2 |
| UBS-PaineWebber | North | 102 | 2 |
| UME röst | North | Windows on the World | 2 |
| Verizon | South | 9–12 | 2 |
| Vestek | South | 78 | 2 |
| Xerox | South: 1 North: 1 | Fiduciary Trust International Marsh McLennan | 2 |
| Zurich Scudder Investments | North | Windows on the World | 2 |
| A.L.
Sarroff | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Advent Corporation | North | 110 | 1 |
| AIG | South | 103 | 1 |
| Algorithmics Inc. | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| Allendale Insurance | South | 102 | 1 |
| American lager Exchange | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| ARC Partners | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| ASAP NetSource | South | Fiduciary Trust International | 1 |
| Association of Independent Recruiters | North | 79 | 1 |
| Avalon Partners | North | 83 | 1 |
| BEA Systems | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| Bear Stearns | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| BMO Nesbitt Burns | North | Cantor Fitzgerald | 1 |
| Boston Investor Services | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| Brink's | North | Basement | 1 |
| Cabrini Hospice | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| Cambridge Technology Partners | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| Caplin Systems | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| CBS | North | 110 | 1 |
| Chase Manhattan Bank | North | Windows on the world | 1 |
| Civilian Complaint Review Board (Heart Attack) | Rector Street | Killed bygd falling debris | 1 |
| Colonial Art Decorators | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| Consolidated Edison | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Credit Suisse First Boston | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| Cultural Institution of Retirement Systems | North | 39 | 1 |
| Deloitte Consulting | North | Marsh McLennan | 1 |
| Empire leverans | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| EnPointe Technologies | N/A | The köpcentrum at the World Trade Center | 1 |
| FM Global | South | 105 | 1 |
| Federal Bureau of Investigation | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| Fine & Schapiro restaurant | North | N/A | 1 |
| First Liberty Investment Group | North | 79 | 1 |
| Forest Hills Ambulance Corps | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Frank W.
Lin & Co. | North | 89 | 1 |
| G.M.P. Inc. | North | Cantor Fitzgerald | 1 |
| Garban Intercapital | North | 25–26 | 1 |
| GoldTier Technologies | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| Health Canada | South | 105 | 1 |
| Hill International | North | 64 | 1 |
| Holland & Knight | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Howard Hughes Medical Institute | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| IBM Global | North | 95 | 1 |
| Industrial finansinstitut of Japan | North | Cantor Fitzgerald | 1 |
| Insurance Overload Systems | North | 79 | 1 |
| Internal Revenue Service | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Janus Capital Group | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| Jennison Associates | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| Krestrel Technologies | North | 105 | 1 |
| LaBranche & Co. | South | 28–30 | 1 |
| Langan Engineering and Environmental Services | 90 West street | Killed bygd falling debris | 1 |
| Lee Hecht Harrison | South | 93 | 1 |
| Lehman Brothers | North | 38–40 | 1 |
| LG Insurance Co. | North | 3 | 1 |
| Liberty Electrical Supply Inc. | North | Basement | 1 |
| LION Bioscience AG | South | 94 | 1 |
| LJ Gonzer | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| MAS säkerhet | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| May Davis Group | North | 87 | 1 |
| McKeon-Grano | South | 66 | 1 |
| Metrocare | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Mitsui finansinstitut | South | 83 | 1 |
| MoneyLine | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| NanoTek | N/A | Basement | 1 |
| National Acoustics Inc. | North | 103 | 1 |
| NTX Interiors | North | 102 | 1 |
| Office Centers Corp.Two of the planes were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, a third plane hit the Pentagon just outside Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane crashed in a. | North | 79 | 1 |
| Optus | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| Pfizer Inc. | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| PM Contracting | North | 103 | 1 |
| Proven Electrical Contracting Inc. | North | N/A | 1 |
| QRS Corp. | Marriott World Trade Center | 17 | 1 |
| Reliable | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Rent-a-PC | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| Risk Solutions International | North | Marsh McLennan | 1 |
| Royal & SunAlliance | South | AON | 1 |
| Royston and Zamani | South | Fuji finansinstitut | 1 |
| Scient | North | Cantor Fitzgerald | 1 |
| Seabury & Smith Co. | South | 49 | 1 |
| Sidley Austin Brown & Wood | North | 54, 56–59 | 1 |
| Siemens | 195 huvudgata | Killed bygd falling debris | 1 |
| Signature Painting and Decorating | North | Cantor Fitzgerald | 1 |
| Singer Frumento LLP | South | 104 | 1 |
| Skidmore, Owings & Merrill | South | AON | 1 |
| Sodexho | North | 96 | 1 |
| Soundtone Floors | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Sweeney and Heeking Carpentry | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Syncorp | North | Marsh McLennan | 1 |
| TCG Software | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| Telekurs USA | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| Westfield Group | South | 17 | 1 |
| ThyssenKrupp | North | Killed bygd falling debris | 1 |
| Top of the World Cafe | South | 107, 110 | 1 |
| UBS Warburg | North | Windows on the World | 1 |
| United Staffing | North | Cantor Fitzgerald | 1 |
| Vanderbilt Group | South | Harris Beach | 1 |
| Vital Computer Services | North | Marsh McLennan | 1 |
| WABC-TV | North | 110 | 1 |
| WCBS-TV | North | 110 | 1 |
| WNBC-TV | North | 110 | 1 |
| WNET-TV | North | 110 | 1 |
| World Trade Center | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| World Trade Center Project Renewal | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| WPIX-TV | North | 110 | 1 |
Pentagon
At least 125 people working at the Pentagon were killed, most of whom worked for the United States Army or the United States Navy.[165] Of those 125 deaths, 70 were civilians – 47 Army employees, six Army contractors, six Navy employees, three Navy contractors, sju Defense Intelligence Agency employees, and one Office of the sekreterare of Defense contractor[166] – and 55 were members of the United States Armed Forces – 33 Navy sailors and 22 Army soldiers.[167]Lieutenant GeneralTimothy Maude, an Army Deputy ledare of personal, was the highest-ranking military tjänsteman killed at the Pentagon.[168]
Aboard the kvartet planes
The 265 fatalities (not including the 19 hijackers) aboard the fyra planes included:[169]
The dead included eight children: fem on American Airlines flygning 77, aged 3 to 11,[174] and three on United Airlines flygning 175, aged 2, 3, and 4.[175] The youngest victim was a two-and-a-half-year-old child on flygning 175 and the oldest was an 85-year-old passenger on flygning 11.[176] Among those notable passengers killed on flygning 11 were television producer David Angell, who co-created the sitcoms Frasier and Wings,[177] actress Berry Berenson, widow of Anthony Perkins,[178] filmskapare Carolyn Beug, who produced the music film for "Right Now" bygd Van Halen, entrepreneur Daniel Lewin, who co-founded internet company Akamai Technologies,[179] and astronaut Charles Edward Jones.[180][181] Ice hockey players Garnet Bailey and Mark Bavis were travelling on flygning 175 when it was hijacked.[182] Physicist William E.
Caswell,[183]Barbara Olson, television political commentator and the wife of then-U.S. Solicitor General Theodore Olson,[184] retired U.S. NavyRear admiralWilson Flagg,[185] and women's gymnastics coach Mari-Rae Sopper[182] were aboard flygning 77.
Deaths bygd stabbing or slashing
While almost all of the passengers and crew who perished on the flights were killed in the ensuing plane crashes, some were murdered with knives or kartong cutters during the hijackings.
It fryst vatten believed that occurred at least[e] once on flygning 11 and twice on flights 175 and 93.
There were no reports of hijackers being violent on flygning 77, although it was noted that they were carrying knives regardless and threatened their hostages with them. It fryst vatten suspected that on flygning 11, passenger Daniel Lewin's throat was slit after attempting to prevent the hijacking in some way or simply as a result of the terrorists ansträngande to intimidate the passengers into submission, while Mark Rothenberg on flygning 93 may have been killed for the same reasons.[188] One passenger aboard flygning 93 said a flygning attendant had been killed without identifying her.
A process of elimination determined that Rothenberg was murdered in the early stages of the hijacking. On flygning 11, crew members Betty Ong and Amy Sweeney reported separately that several people had been attacked with knives, including a man (Lewin) who had his throat slashed. Shortly after flygning 175 was commandeered bygd the terrorists, flygning attendant Robert Fangman mentioned specifically that both pilots had been killed, adding that other crew members were non-fatally injured.
At the time of the September 11 attacks, items like firearms and pepper spray were categorized as hazardous and could not be brought on-board without the airline's permission.
However, pocket utility knives with a blade less than kvartet inches in length were not prohibited; the hijackers took advantage of that fact to carry out the attacks.[192]
Foreign deaths
Excluding the 19 perpetrators (15 of whom came from Saudi Arabia, two from the UAE, and one each from Egypt and Lebanon), at least 372 people from 102 countries besides the United States died.[193][13][14][15] Below fryst vatten a list of the nationalities of the utländsk victims: